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Ruby programming language tutorial

This Ruby tutorial is designed for both students and developers. It covers a wide range of Ruby topics with clear explanations and practical examples.

What is Ruby?

Ruby is a high-level, open-source programming language created in 1995 by Yukihiro Matsumoto, designed to be simple, enjoyable, and productive. It is object-oriented and widely used for building desktop applications, creating static websites, processing data, automating tasks, managing web servers, supporting DevOps, web scraping, crawling, and developing database-driven web applications.

Ruby History

Ruby 0.95 was the first version of the Ruby which was released in 1995, then various substantial versions were released in the following years:

• In 1996, Ruby 1.0 was released.
• In 1998, Ruby 1.2 was introduced to the market.
• Ruby 1.4 and Ruby 1.6 were released in 1999 and 2000 respectively.
• After this many versions were introduced with better features and the latest version of Ruby is Ruby 2.6.0 which was released on Christmas, 2018.

Ruby Features

• Object-Oriented
  Ruby follows object-oriented principles with some procedural features, offering:

  • Abstraction: Simplifies complexity by modeling classes suited to the problem.
  • Polymorphism: Enables objects or methods to adapt to different inputs.
  • Encapsulation: Protects objects from unauthorized access by hiding internal states.
  • Inheritance: Allows new classes to derive properties from existing ones, like a parent-child relationship.

• Mixins and Metaclasses

  • Mixins: Allow methods from one class to be used in another without making it a parent class.
  • Metaclasses: Special classes that define the behavior of specific classes and their objects.

• Dynamic Typing and Duck Typing

  • Dynamic Typing: Determines variable types at runtime.
  • Duck Typing: Checks if an object can perform the required tasks rather than verifying its type.

• Interpreted Language
  Ruby executes instructions directly without pre-compiling into machine or bytecode.

• Garbage Collection
  Ruby handles memory automatically, allocating and deallocating as needed, avoiding manual memory management.

Ruby Tutorial Topics

Explore key Ruby topics, from basics to advanced concepts, with practical examples:

Ruby Overview

• Ruby Overview
• Ruby Environment Setup
• Ruby vs Python

Ruby Basics

• Ruby Syntax
• Ruby Comments
• Ruby Variables
• Ruby Operators
• Ruby Blocks
• Ruby Check Data Type

Ruby Control Statements

• Ruby Conditional Statements
• Ruby Loops
• Ruby While Loop
• Ruby For Loop
• Ruby Do...While Loop
• Ruby Until Loop
• Ruby Nested For Loop
• Ruby Nested While Loop
• Ruby Nested Do...While Loop
• Ruby Nested Until Loop
• Ruby Break Statement
• Ruby Next Statement
• Ruby Redo and Retry
• Ruby Ranges

Ruby Methods

• Ruby Methods

Ruby Classes and Methods

• Ruby Private Classes
• Ruby Frozen Objects
• Ruby Access Control
• Ruby Singleton Methods
• Ruby Polymorphism
• Ruby Encapsulation

Ruby Arrays

• Ruby Arrays
• Creating Array with Array.[](*args)
• Creating Array with Array.new(size, obj)
• Creating Array with Array.new(Array_object)
• Creating Array with Array.new(size){|index|}
• Creating Array with & Operator
• Creating Array with * Operator
• Creating Array with + Operator
• Creating Array with - Operator
• Accessing Array with Array.at() Method
• Accessing Array with Array.fetch() Method
• Accessing Array with Array.take() and Array.drop() Methods
• Accessing First/Last Element with Array.first and Array.last
• Deleting with Array.pop and Array.shift Methods
• Removing with Array.delete() and Array.delete_at()
• Removing with Array.compact and Array.uniq
• Finding Array Length
• Adding with << Operator
• Array Element Assignment (index)
• Array Element Assignment (start, length)
• Array Identity Check
• Comparing Arrays
• Creating 2D Arrays

Ruby Sets

• Ruby Set
• Ruby Set Comparison
• Ruby Set disjoint? Method
• Ruby Set intersect? Method
• Ruby Set delete_if() & keep_if()
• Ruby Set Print Elements
• Ruby Set Length
• Ruby Set Element Presence
• Ruby Set Join Elements
• Ruby Set Common Elements
• Ruby Set Difference
• Ruby Set Merge
• Ruby Set Empty Check
• Ruby Set Delete/Replace Element

Ruby Strings

• Ruby Strings
• Ruby String Creation
• Ruby String Append
• Ruby String Concatenation
• Ruby String Concatenation (+)
• Ruby concat() Method
• Ruby chomp Method
• Ruby Regular Expressions
• Ruby to_s Method

Ruby Classes & Objects

• Ruby OOP
• Ruby Classes
• Ruby Objects
• Ruby Constructors
• Ruby Base Class Constructor
• Ruby Inheritance
• Ruby Method Overriding

Ruby Hash

• Ruby Hashes
• Ruby Hash Creation
• Ruby Hash < Operator
• Ruby Hash <= Operator
• Ruby Hash == Operator
• Ruby Hash > Operator
• Ruby Hash >= Operator

Ruby Tools

• Ruby Gems
• Ruby Debugger

Ruby Functions

• Ruby Procs
• Ruby Lambdas
• Lambdas vs Procs
• Splat Arguments

Ruby Built-in Functions

• Ruby alias vs alias_method
• Ruby at() Function
• Ruby clear() Function
• Ruby assoc() Function
• Ruby push() Function
• Ruby pop() Function
• Ruby reverse() Function
• Ruby reverse! Function
• Ruby concat() Function
• Ruby to_s() Function

Misc.

• Ruby Date & Time
• Ruby Threads
• Ruby Multithreading
• Ruby Modules
• Ruby Mixins
• Ruby Exception Handling
• Ruby Raise Exceptions
• Ruby Exception Class Methods
• Ruby CGI Programming
• Ruby Socket Programming
• Ruby Database Access
• Ruby Sending Email
• Ruby Wait
• Ruby Custom Error Logger

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